CHEMICALS USED IN PULP & PAPER MANUFACTURING AND COATING

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BLEACHING STAGES AND SEQUENCES

SYMBOLS STAGE AMOUNT TIME pH CONSISTENCY TEMPERATURE DESCRIPTION

A

 Acid Wash To remove metal element from pulp

B

 Boron Hydride NaBH4            

C

 Chlorination 5 -7% on pulp 40 min 2 3 - 4% 20 - 25 0C Elemental chlorine (Cl2) is an effective de-lignifying agent. As it breaks lignin bonds, it adds chlorine atoms to the lignin degradation products, thus producing significant amounts of chlorinated organic material.

D

 Chlorine Dioxide 0.6-1.0% on pulp 180 min 3.5 - 4.0 10 - 12% 60 - 80 0C Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a highly selective chemical that can both de-lignify and brighten pulp. It oxidizes lignin, but does not add chlorine atoms onto lignin fragments; however, small amounts of elemental chlorine and other chlorine compounds formed during the chlorine dioxide bleaching process react with degraded lignin to form chlorinated organic compounds.

CD or C/D or D/C

 Chlorine and chlorine dioxide added together

E

 Alkaline Extraction 3 -4% on pulp 120 min 12 10 - 20% 45 - 95 0C To remove colored components from partially bleached pulps that have been rendered soluble in dilute warm alkali solution.

EO

 Alkali extraction reinforced with oxygen

EP

 Alkali extraction reinforced with hydrogen peroxide

EOP

 Alkali extraction reinforced with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

F

 Formamidine Sulfinic Acid

H

 Sodium Hypo-chlorite 1% on pulp 11-11.5 3 - 15% 30 - 60 0C Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an inexpensive de-lignifying agent formed by mixing elemental chlorine with alkali at the mill.

M

 Chlorine Monoxide or Hypochlorous

N

 Nitrogen Compounds

O

 Oxygen 1-5 - 2.0% on pulp 60 min >7

10 - 15%

 85 - 95 0C Oxygen removes lignin and modify other coloring components. In the oxygen delignification/bleaching stage the pulp is treated with oxygen in a pressurized vessel at elevated temperature in an alkaline environment.

P

 Peroxide 2 -3 % on pulp 1 -2 hr

10 - 30%

 65 - 80 0C Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is mainly used to brighten pulps in the final bleaching stages. Peroxide is often used at the end of a conventional bleaching sequence to prevent the pulp from losing brightness over time. Preferred for mechanical and recycled fiber.

Paa

 Peracetic Acid, CH3COOOH            

Q

 Chelatin To control the brightness restricting and reversion effects of iron salts and other heavy metals in the pulp.

W

 Wash Pulp is washed almost every bleaching stage to remove reactants of preceding stage.

X

 Xylanase Xylanase-based enzymatic pretreatment, in a TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) sequence, results in easier bleaching and delignification of the pulp, causing a bleach-boosting effect.

Y

 Sodium Hydrosulfite 0.5 - 1.2% on pulp 35- 60 min 5.5 5 - 8% 60 - 75 0C Reductive bleaching. Good for recycled fibers.

Z

 Ozone 0.1 - 1.0% on pulp 2.5 5 - 15% <650C Ozone (O3) is also an effective de-lignifying agent. It also brightens the pulp as well. Ozone attacks the cellulose fiber as well as the lignin.

ZD

 Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide added sequentially in same stage

Bleaching sequences can be any combination of these stages. Lately selection of bleaching sequence has largely being guided by environmental considerations. In USA, Canada and Europe, use of elemental chlorine for bleaching is almost stopped. Two categories of bleaching sequences used are; ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) and TCF (Total Chlorine Free). ECF uses Chlorine Dioxide while TCF exclude Chlorine Dioxide. Read more about ECF from Alliance for Environmental Technology, a group lobbying for ECF.

Bleaching by CISRO, a fact sheet on ECF & TCF 

Other issue to consider in deciding bleaching sequence are

  1. Type of Pulp: The high yield pulp which retain most of their lignin are bleached by modifying the lignin instead of removing it. Chemical pulp where most of the lignin is already removed bleaching is performed by removing the remaining lignin. Recycled fiber are de-inked before any bleaching.
  2. Degree of Brightness: The bleaching sequence and number of stages are mostly governed by the requirement of brightness levels. A simple CEH or DEH is enough to achieve 70 or below brightness. 4 to 5 stages are required for 80 -90 brightness and more stages for >90 brightness.

H
CEH
CEHH
CEHEH
CEHHD
CEHDH
CEDED
CEHDED
CEDH

DED
DEDED
(ZD)EopDD
ODEOPDD

OAPP
OZEPY
OXZEPY

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