FRENCH PAPER DICTIONARY Please note that the
French version is translated from Original English version using a software and author is not responsible for accuracy.
Visit
http://pita.co.uk/factsheets/ for an excellent source of description of
pulp and paper process and manufacturing terms and steps,
A fiber also known as manila hemp or manila fiber, prepared from the outer
sheath of the stems of manila.
ABCD Scheme
An initiative in the UK designed to classify the type and amount of
Recycled Fiber in a paper product. The scheme grades four types of waste
used in paper manufacturing, as follows:
A - Woodfree, approved own mill waste (waste that has not left the mill.
i.e. mill broke).
B - Woodfree unprinted waste (waste that has left the mill but not reached
the consumer, typically from the printer or converter).
C - Woodfree printed waste (post consumer waste, collected from homes,
offices etc).
D - Printed mechanical waste (post consumer waste, typically newspapers).
To be classified as recycled, the grade has to contain no less than 50% of
the total fiber from any combination of the above sources, with the
percentages given for each..
Abhesive
A material that resists adhesion. Abhesive coatings are applied to surfaces
to prevent sticking, etc.
Abrasion Resistance
The extent to which paper can withstand continuous scuffing or rubbing.
Abrasive Papers
Papers covered on one or both sides with abrasive powder,
e.g. emery, sandpaper etc.
Absolute Humidity
The actual weight of water vapor contained in a unit weight of air, expressed in grams per cubic meter
in metric system and pounds per cubic feet in English system.
Absolute Viscosity
A characteristic of one-component liquids which have a constant ratio of shear stress over shear rate (constant viscosity)
Absolute White
In theory a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every visible wavelength; in practice a solid white with known spectral data that is used as the "reference white" for all measurements of absolute reflectance. (When calibrating a spectrophotometer, often a white ceramic plaque is measured and used as the absolute white reference).
Absorbency
The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.
Absorbent Core
The principal fluid-holding component of disposable hygiene products. Absorbent cores usually contain a combination of absorbent cellulose fibers (fluff pulps) and
super-absorbent polymers composed of polyacrylates. Advanced cores can contain very specialized absorbent cellulose fibers, synthetic fibers and
super-absorbent polymers as well as fluff pulps.
Absorbent Paper
Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing
liquids such as water and ink. These papers are soft,
loosely felted, unsized and bulky e.g. blotting paper.
Accept
Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning and or screening
operation.
Acetate Pulp
A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made
especially to be dissolved in acetic acid, acetic
anhydride and sulfuric acid to make acetate rayon and
acetate fiber.
Accelerated Aging
Exposing paper at elevated temperature usually at 110C in an
oven or on a hot plate. The purpose of accelerated aging
is to simulate the effect of aging in the laboratory.
Accordion Fold
A term for two or more
parallel folds that result in the sheet opening like a fan. Accordion
folds are used on products such as brochures and maps.
Achromatic
Material that is white, gray and black and have no color or hue.
Organic matter that is not solubilized after 1 hour of refluxing in an acid detergent of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in 1N
(Normal) sulfuric acid. ADF includes cellulose and lignin.
Acid Free Paper
A type of paper, which does not contain any acidic
substance that may affect acid sensitive material. Acid
free paper is anti rust and is used for metal wrapping.
Acid Hydrolysis
The treatment of cellulosic, starch, or hemicellulosic materials using acid solutions (usually mineral acids) to break down the polysaccharides to simple sugars..
Acid Migration
The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less
acidic or neutral-pH material. Occurs when neutral
materials are exposed to atmospheric pollutants or when
two paper materials come in contact. Acid can also
migrate from adhesives, boards, endpapers, protective
tissues, paper covers, acidic art supplies, and
memorabilia.
Acid Proof Paper
A paper that is not affected by acid physically or
chemically. This paper is used with substance containing
acid.
Caustic (NaOH) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S) expressed as Na2O
in alkaline pulping liquor.
Additives
Clay, fillers, dyes, sizing and other chemicals added to
pulp to give the paper greater smoothness, color, fibered
appearance or other desirable attributes.
A measure of the amount of chlorine that is chemically
bound to the soluble organic matter in the effluent.
Aerated Lagoon
A biological wastewater treatment method in which air (oxygen)
fed into an aeration basin reduces the effluent load.
Against the Grain
Cutting, folding or feeding paper at right angles to the
grain or machine direction of the paper.
Aging
Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the
properties of paper in course of time. Aging also causes
reduction in brightness and yellowing effect.
Agitator
Equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in
motion and well mixed.
Air Brush Coater
A coater, which uses the pressurized air to atomize the
coating mixture and spray it on the paper.
Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium
with the atmosphere. Though the amount of moisture in dry
pulp/paper will depend on the atmospheric condition of
humidity and temperature but as a convention 10% moisture
is assumed in air dry pulp/paper.
Air Drying
Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.
Air Filter Paper
A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove
suspended particles. (car air filter, vacuum bag etc.)
Air Knife Coater
A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and
then removes the surplus by impinging a flat jet of air
upon the fluid coating, leaving a smooth, metered film on
the paper.
Air Mail Paper
It is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing
type paper used for letters, flyers and other printed
matter to be transported by airlines.
Air Permeability
Commonly referred to as "porosity." The ease
with which pressurized air can flow through a paper's
thickness. Typically measure by the Gurley
or the
Sheffield porosity tests, which measure the volumetric
flow of air through the paper thickness.
Air Pollution
The contamination of air around the plant due to the
emission of gases, vapors and particulate material in the
atmosphere.
Albumin Paper
A coated paper used in photography; the coating is made
of albumen (egg whites) and ammonium chloride.
Algae
Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water
supplies.
Alkali Lignin
Lignin obtained by acidification of an alkaline extract of wood.
Alkali Resistance
Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or
discolored or to undergo a color change when brought in
contact with alkaline products such as soap and adhesives.
Alkaline Extraction
Alkaline extraction, i.e. E stage, is used in lignin removal
before or between bleaching stages; the stage is often enhanced with an
oxidizing agent, oxygen (Eo stage), hydrogen peroxide (Ep stage) or both (Eop
stage).
Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using
additives, basic fillers like calcium carbonate and
neutral size. The anti-aging properties in alkaline paper
make it a logical choice for documents where permanence
is essential.
Alkaline Pulping
Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with
or without sodium sulfide. Without sodium sulfide it is called soda
process and with sodium sulfide it is known as Kraft or sulfate process.
ASA is a sizing agent designed to increase resistance to water
penetration in the case of paper formed under neutral or alkaline
conditions. ASA is especially used in cases where full cure is desired
before the size press and where it is important to maintain a high
frictional coefficient in the paper product. ASA can improve paper machine
runnability and preserve paper's dimensional stability
by limiting
penetration of size-press solution into the sheet.
The paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al2(SO4)3}. It is used
to adjust the pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination
with rosin size.
Aluminium Foil Lamination
The combination of thin Aluminum foil with a paper backing used
as a positive moisture barrier. Normal combination is kraft backing with Aluminum
foil laminated to the kraft by means of asphalt, adhesive, or polyethylene.
The Aluminum foil can also be coated with polyethylene.
A source of fiber for pulp and papermaking, including, for example,
wheat or rice straw or other fibrous by-products of agriculture.
Anaerobic Reactor System
An effluent treatment system that uses microbes in the absence of oxygen to break down effluent constituents into methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide.
Anthra Quinone (AQ)
A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline
cooking liquor) to improve pulp yield and to increase the
rate of delignification.
Anti-foam or Defoamer
Chemical additives used at wet end to reduce or eliminate
tendencies of the machine white water to foam.
Anti Rust Paper
Paper containing added substances which give it the property of
protecting the surfaces of ferrous metals against rusting.
Antique Finish
A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover
papers, that have a natural rough finish.
Applicator
Means of applying the aqueous coating, sizing or coloring to the paper web.
Apparent Density
Weight (mass) per unit
volume of a sheet of paper obtained by
dividing the basis weight
by the Caliper (thickness).
Apparent Viscosity
A characteristic of multi-component liquids that have a variable ratio of
shear stress over shear rate (variable viscosity depending on conditions).
A water-based coating applied after printing, either
while the paper is still on press ("in line"),
or after it's off press. An aqueous coating usually gives
a gloss, dull, or matte finish and helps prevent the
underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike a UV coating or a
varnish, an aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing,
making it a natural choice for jobs that require printing
addresses for mass mailings.
Archival Paper
A paper that is made to last for long time and used for
long lasting records.
Art Paper
High quality and rather heavy two-side coated printing paper with smooth surface. The reproduction of fine screen single- and
multicolor pictures ("art on paper") requires a paper that has an even, well closed surface and a uniform ink absorption.
Artificial Parchment
Wood free paper that is produced by fine and extended grinding of certain chemical pulps and/or the admixture of special additives. As a result of the "smeary" grinding, the
fiber structure closes homogeneously. It is used e.g. for wrapping meat and sausages or as corrugating medium for biscuit packaging
Ash Content
The residue left after complete combustion of paper at
high temperature. It is generally expressed as percent of
original test sample and represents filler
content in the
paper.
Aseptic Packaging
Extends the shelf life of
non-refrigerated beverages and foods. Laminates and extruded coatings
applied by the customer ensure an appropriate liquid barrier. Aseptic grade
board is clay-coated on one side and is suitable for gravure, offset, and
flexographic printing.
Asphalt Laminated Paper
Two sheets of natural kraft paper laminated in a single
ply by means of asphalt. This is used as a moisture
barrier; also to resist action of weak acids and alkalis.
Automatic Packaging System
Term applicable to any one of several available systems
for open mouth and valve bag packaging where bags are
automatically applied to filler spout, filled, weighed,
closed (if open mouth), palletized, and shrink wrapped.
Azure
The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid"
and "wove" papers.
Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice.
Baggy Roll
Mill roll defect usually associated with a variation in caliper and/or
basis weight across the width. Rolls are normally checked for baggy areas by
striking with a baton and listening for variations in audible pitch.
Bale
A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste
paper, rag, pulp etc. Bale dimensions and weight varies
widely depending on the baling material and handling
capabilities.
Baling
Compressing and wrapping a material with wire, twine, string to form a unit
which is more readily handled, stored and transported.
Bamboo
A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used
for papermaking fibers.
Banknote or Currency Paper
Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high
folding endurance, permanency,
tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour printing, with
watermark and other falsification safeguards such as embedded metal strip. Often
contains cotton fibers.
Bark
The outer protective layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark is a layer of living bark that separates the outer bark from the cambium and in a living tree is generally soft and moist. The outer bark is a layer of dead bark that forms the exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer bark is frequently dry and corky
Barker or Debarker
An equipment used to remove bark from wood.
Barking or de-barking
Removing bark from wood.
Barograph Paper
Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so
that the needle of the barograph make a red line on a
white ground, sold in rolls and coils and to suit the
type of barograph.
Base Paper
Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated,
coated or laminated in other ways.
Basic Dye
Dye that have a positive charge due to amine groups and have a strong affinity for the surfaces of high-yield fibers.
Basic dyes are economical, have high color strength but very poor
lightfastness.
In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in
pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a basic
size. (Basic size differs from category to category of
the paper. Basic size for Bond and Ledger is 20"x26",
book, offset and text paper have basic size of 25"x38").
In metric system of units, basis weight is the weight in
grams of a single sheet of area one square meter. Basis
weight is also called as substance and grammage in metric
system of units.
Bast Fibers
Fibers derived from the bark of some annual plants such
as flax, gampi, hemp, jute, kozo and mitsumata etc. Main
characteristic of these fiber is long length.
Bastard Size
The non-standard sheet size of a given grade.
Batch Cooking
A chemical pulping process in which a discrete quantity of fibrous raw
material is individually process.
Beater
An equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.
The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to
increase surface area, flexibility and promote bonding
when dried.
Belt Washer
Washer, which uses rotating wire for dewatering and washing of pulp.
Bending Resistance/Flexural Stiffness
Corrugated board's ability to resist bending, along with
its edge crush resistance, relates to the top-to-bottom
compression strength and general performance of
corrugated containers.
When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is
released into a receiving water, the biodegradation of
the organic matter consumes dissolved oxygen from the
water. The BOD of an effluent is an estimate of the
amount of oxygen that will be consumed in 5 days
following its release into a receiving water; assuming a
temperature of 20°C.
Biological Waste Water Treatment
A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms
such as bacteria
Biomass
Any plant-derived organic matter. Biomass available for energy on a sustainable basis includes herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, and other waste materials including some municipal wastes. Biomass is a very heterogeneous and chemically complex renewable resource..
Biomass Boiler or Hogged Fuel Boiler
Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary
clarifier sediment and other solid waste, and other wood-related
scrap not usable in product production. Also called
"hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make
steam and heat for mill use.
Bio-sludge
Sludge formed (in the aeration basin) during biological waste water treatment or other biological treatment process.
Bitokoshi
Bitoko/Bitokoshi is a grade of printing and
writing paper unique to Japan. It is a very lightly coated paper, occupying
a niche market between LWC and coated woodfree papers. The furnish includes
both chemical and mechanical pulp in variable proportions, thus the Japan
Paper Association (JPA) recognises both woodfree bitokoshi and mechanical
bitokoshi depending on the proportion of mechanical pulp in the furnish.
The liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the
Kraft cook is called "black" liquor.
Blackening
Defect associated with calendered
paper occurring as unintended local areas of apparently darker or grayer
color due, for example, to the paper being too damp when passed through
the calender.
Blank or Black Box
A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard that has been cut, slotted
and scored so that, when folded along the score lines and joined, it will
take the form of a box.
Blade Coater
A device that first applies a surplus coating to paper
and then remove extra color after evenly leveling by
means of a flexible steel blade.
Bleach Plant
Section of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached
Bleaching
A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp.
Bleaching also adds to the sheet's strength and
durability.
Bleaching Sequences
Series of subsequent bleaching stages, typically described by
abbreviation such as CEHH (Chlorination, Extraction Hypochlorite,
Hypochlorite .
Bleed
The feathered edge of inks caused by absorption into un-sized
paper.
Bleed (corrugation)
The penetration of laminating agents, such as asphalt,
through the kraft plies making up the combination.
Bleed Through
When printing on one side of a sheet of paper shows
through to the other side.
Blending or Mixing
Blending of different pulps
in a chest to achieve quality of the final product.
Blind Drilled Roll
A matrix of small holes drilled into the soft press roll which aid the
water removal capability of that roll.
Blind Embossing
A printing technique in which a bas-relief design is pushed forward without
foil or ink.
Blister
Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human
blister. It is due to de-lamination of a limited portion
of paper without breaking either surface .
Blister Resistance
Resistance of paper to developing blister during printing and print drying.
The tank in which cooked chips and spent liquor is blown
from digester at the end of the cooking cycle.
Board
Thick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies,
widely used for packaging or box making purposes. Its
grammage normally is higher than 150 g/m2 or thickness is
more than 9 point (thousandth of an inch).
Bond Paper
The name "bond" was originally given to a paper,
which was used for printing bonds and stock certificates.
It is now used in referring to paper used for letterheads
and many printing purposes. Important characteristics are
finish, strength, freedom from fuzz, and rigidity.
Bonding Strength
The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the
fibers within a paper to hold to one another. Bonding
strength measures the ability of the paper to hold
together on the printing press or other converting
processing machines. Good bonding strength prevents
fibers from coming loose ("picking"). Bonding
strength of fiber is improved by beating/refining and/or
adding bonding agent.
A general term used to define a class or group of papers
having in common A paperboard used in the manufacture of
light non-corrugated container.
Box
A rigid container having closed faces and completely
enclosing its contents.
Boxboard
A class of board frequently lined on one or both sides, with good
folding properties and used for making box and cartons.
Breaking Length
The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width
would break under its own weight if suspended from one
end. Usually expressed in meters.
Breaks
Rupture of paper on the paper machine during paper making. It the paper on
couch roll, it is termed couch break. If the paper breaks in paper section,
it is termed as press break. If the paper breaks in dryer section, it is
dryer breaks and so on.
Breast Roll
A medium size metal or plastic/fiberglass/granite covered
roll located at the headbox side of the paper machine to
support the wire.
The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured
under a specially calibrated blue light. Not necessarily
related to color or whiteness. Brightness is expressed in
%.
CIE Brightness: An
internationally-recognised standard of paper brightness developed in Europe
by the Centre Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE).
Bristol Board
A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets
together, the middle sheets usually of inferior grade.
Brittleness
Property of paper causing it to break while bending.
Broke
Paper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity
to the specifications. It is put back in to the pulping
system.
Broke Pit
A pit below the machine in to which broke is disposed from the machine
floor.
Broke Pulper
A broke pulper is used to break down the broke into a stock that can be
pumped and treated. This term can cover a wide range of machines and is
often used to refer to both stand alone broke pulpers and under the
machine (or UTM) pulpers which receive paper directly from the machine including any
trim. A stand alone broke pulper is used to process finished reels that have
been rejected or for broke that for any reason has been baled or collected
away from the UTM pulpers
Brown Pulp
A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding.
The color-bearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the
pulp. The pulp is generally used for wrapping and bag paper.
A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating
color is regulated and smoothed by means of brushes, some
stationary and some oscillating, before drying.
Buffering
The neutralizing of acids in paper by adding an alkaline
substance (usually calcium carbonate or magnesium
carbonate) into the paper pulp. The buffer acts as a
protection from the acid in the paper or from pollution
in the environment.
Bulk
Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per
gram.
Burnout
The loss of color during drying.
Burnt Paper
Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.
Burst
An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or
package.
Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the
winding roll producing rupture of the web along the
machine direction.
Caliper shear burst. Cross Machine tension burst that
generally occurs between an area or relatively high and
low caliper extending for some distance in the machine
direction; due to non uniform nip velocities between hard
and soft sections of the roll.
Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the key
way, which terminates an Air Shear Burst. Core bursts are most often seen
on core-supported unwinds and winders.
Burst Factor
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in g/cm2 ) and
the substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined
by standard methods of test.
Burst Index
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in kilo Pascal ) and
the substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined
by standard methods of test.
Burst Ratio
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in lb/inch2 ) and
the substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in lb/ream) determined
by standard methods of test.
Bursting Strength
The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the
hydrostatic pressure required to burst it when a
uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is applied
to one of its side.
CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety
of sources, including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster
shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as a
filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process,
calcium carbonate improves several important paper
characteristics, like smoothness, brightness, opacity,
and affinity for ink; it also reduces paper acidity. It
is a key ingredient in today's paper coatings.
Calender
A stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of
a paper machines that smoothes and shines the paper
surface as sheets pass through.
Calender Blackening
Coverage of calendered paper web with glazed translucent
spots due to excessive calender roll heat, calender
pressure, poor and/or excessive and uneven moisture.
Calender Cut
Weak lines or fractures in paper that break easily under tension, caused by wrinkles going through the calender
stack of the paper machine.
Calender Spots
Paper defect usually indicated as a transparent spot in the sheet; caused by foreign material adhering to a calender roll and being impressed into the sheet with each revolution.
The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths
of an inch in English system of units and in millimeter
in Metric system of units.
Camber
Larger diameter in the
centre of a papermaking rolls (press & calender etc), compared to the ends,
to
compensates the deflection of roll due to its own weight.
It is a measure of pulp freeness.
The unit of measurement is ml CSF.
Capacity Utilization Rate
The production rate a plant or machine is operating with respect to
design capacity. Also in some cases it indicates the efficiency (%) at which a
plant or machine is operating.
Carbohydrate
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and having approximately the formula
(CH2O) n; includes cellulosics, starches, and sugars.
Carbon paper
A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air
permeability, free of pin holes and with a waxy coating,
that is used to produce carbon copies on typewriters or
other office equipment.
Carbonless Paper
A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two
different contacting coatings to transfer image when
pressure is applied.
Cardboard
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or
sheets of paper pasted together. Used for playing cards,
greeting cards, etc.
Carton
A folding box made from boxboard, used for consumer
quantities of product. A carton is not recognized as a
shipping container
Cartridge paper
Tough, slightly rough surfaced paper used for a variety
of purposes such as envelopes; the name comes from the
original use for the paper which formed the tube section
of a shotgun shell.
Cast Coater
A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web
before it contacts a heated drum having a highly polished
surface, which cast the coating in to an image of the
smooth, mirror-like drum surface.
Causticizing
It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in
to White Liquor. Technically speaking it is the process
of converting sodium carbonate in to sodium hydroxide.
Cellulose
It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear
polymer of repeating beta-D-glucopyranose units. Simply
speaking it is the chief structural element and major
constituents of the cell wall of trees and plants.
An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which
is the main structural component of woody plants. Fibers
in the plants are cemented together by lignin. In British
English Fiber is spelled as Fibre. Thermal conductivity of cellilose fiber
varies from 0.034 to 0.05W/m K, making it a good insulator.
Chalking
Improper drying of ink. Ink vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the
paper leaving a dry, weak pigment layer which dusts easily.
Check or Cheque Paper
A strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank
checks or cheques.
Chelating Agent
An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with metals in
solution; organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA and DTPA.
Chelation
A chemical complexing (forming or joining together) of metallic cations
(such as iron) with certain organic compounds, such as EDTA (ethylene
diamine tetracetic acid); a reaction between a metallic ion and an organic
compound that removes the metallic ion from solution.
Chemical Ghosting
A light duplication of a printed image on the other side of the same sheet,
created by chemical reaction by the ink during the drying stages; also
referred to as "gas ghosting.".
The amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter present in waste water; indicates the content of slowly degradable organic matter present.
COD is easier to measure compared to BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand).
Chemical Pulp
Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of
wood or other plant material.
Chemical Recovery
It is the process in which cooking chemicals are
recovered.
Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually sodium
sulfite) and steam before mechanical defibration.
Chest
Vessel equipped with an
agitating device for storing, collecting, mixing, blending and/or chemical
treatment of pulp suspension. Chest can be horizontal and or vertical. Tower
are special type of chest generally used in bleached plant to provide
retention time and to provide down/upward flow out of pulp.
China Clay
Natural mineral, consisting essentially
of hydrated silicate of alumina, used as a filler or as a component in a
coating color. (Also see clay)
Chip
Wood chips produced by a chipper; used to produce pulp, fiberboard and particle
board, and also as fuel.
Chipboard
A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing
sheets on padded writing paper, partitions within boxes,
shoeboxes, etc.
Chipper
The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.
Chlorine Number
A test method to determine the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates the number of grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified conditions.
Chromo
A term used to describe both papers
and boards used for subsequent brush coating. The various qualities are
determined both by the actual grade of base material used and the quality
of the coating, which may be gummed. Coating may be applied to one or both
sides, depending on end use.
Cigarette Paper
This light weight, unsized paper (grammage 18 to 24g/m2), converted to improve glowing. It normally has
approx. 30% calcium carbonate as filler to control the burning rate and
match it with tobacco burning rate. Very long fiber such as jute, cotton
etc is used to achieve high strength and porosity.
Clarifier
Basin where sludge is removed from treated effluent by settling.
Clay
A natural substance used as both a filler and coating
ingredient to improve a paper's smoothness, brightness,
opacity and/ or affinity for ink.
Clay Coated Boxboard
A grade of paperboard that has been clay coated on one or
both sides to obtain whiteness and smoothness. It is
characterized by brightness, resistance to fading, and
excellence of printing surface. Colored coatings may also
be used and the body stock for coating may be any variety
of paperboard.
Cleaners
A conical or partly cylindrical device with no moving parts, designed to remove grit from thin-stock furnish by
the centrifugal action of rotating liquid.
Closed System
Papermaking system wherein white water is mainly re-circulated
and not discharged as effluent.
Clot
Thick element composed of several entangled fibers. Its presence is
harmful to the production process and needs to be eliminated.
Coarse Paper (also Industrial Paper)
Various grades of papers used for industrial application
(abrasive, filter etc.) rather than cultural purposes (writing,
printing etc.)
Coat Weight
The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as
pounds of air-dried coating on the surface of a 25X38 in
ream or grams per meter square.
Coated Paper
Term that applies to paper which has a special coating
applied to its surface. Material such as clay, casein,
bentonite, talc, applied by means of roller or brush
applicators; or plastics applied by means of roll or
extrusion coaters.
Coated White Top Liner
White liner that is coated to produce superior
printability.
Coating
Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its brightness and/or printing properties.
Coating Color
Mixture used to coat paper and board: contains pigment, binder, special additives and water.
Coating Color Kitchen
Section of Coating Plant where coating colour is prepared and mixed
Cobb Test
Measures paper's water absorption rate and is expressed as the amount of
water pick-up per unit surface area of paper by Tappi method T441. The test
duration must be specified to properly know the absorption rate. United Nations
(UN) and Code of Federal Regulations require the 30-minute pick-up must be
155 grams per square meter or less for containerboard used in hazardous material
transport.
Cockle Finish
Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension.
This uneven surface is available in bond papers.
Cockling
When the surface of the paper has wave like appearance.
Cogeneration
It is the process to generate electricity from high
pressure steam and using low and/or medium pressure steam
in the mill process.
Cold Blow
Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from batch or continuous digesters
after the pulp has been cooled to below 100oC. The cooling step reduces damage to the
fibers.
Color-fast papers
Colored papers that will not run when wet or fade under
bright light.
Colored Kraft
Natural or bleached kraft paper to which a dye or pigment
has been added.
Colored Pigments
These are water insoluble colored materials. They belongs
in the category of fillers and loading material but are
colored and used in small quantity.
Pigments has no affinity to fiber and must be used in
conjunction with alum or a cationic retention aid in
order to retain them.
Can be referred to as ring crush or "STFI (stiffy)". The amount
of force needed to crush paper resting on its edge. Compression testers hold
and support the paper specimen so as to emulate its position and orientation
in the walls of a corrugated container. Due to the corrugated board making
process, paper must support compressive loads orthogonal to their grain (a
CD orientation). The test is unidirectional so the paper orientation during
testing must be known.
Coniferous Trees
Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood
trees. e.g. pine, spruce etc.
The percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or
stock.
Consistency Regulator
A device or instrument used to regulate the consistency of the pulp
on-line. Regulator works only in reducing the consistency i.e. add water,
but can't remove water or thicken.
Construction Paper
Sheathing paper, roofing, floor covering, automotive, sound proofing,
industrial, pipe covering, refrigerator, and similar felts.
Containerboard
The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating
material and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated
and solid fiberboard. The raw materials used to make
containerboard may be virgin cellulose fiber, recycled
fiber or a combination of both.
Continuous Pulping
Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to
a batch digester.
Contraries
Unsuitable material found in
wastepaper which must be removed from the pulp before making it into
paper, e.g. paperclips, string, plastics.
Contrast
The degree of difference between light and dark areas in
an image. Extreme lights and darks give an image high
contrast. An image with a narrow tonal range has lower
contrast.
Converting
The operation of treating, modifying, or otherwise manipulating the finished paper and paperboard so that it can be made into end-user products.
Cooking
Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under
pressure and temperature to soften and or remove lignin
to separate fibers.
Cooking Liquor
Liquor made up of selected chemicals and used for cooking pulp. e.g.
cooking liquor in kraft pulping mainly consist of NaOH and Na2S.
Cooling Cylinders or Cooling Drums
Water cooled cylindrical metal vessel over which dry paper web after
dryers is passed to cool the paper before calendering..
Copier Paper or Laser Paper
Lightweight grades of good quality and dimensionally stable papers used
for copying correspondence and documents. For detailed characteristics of
copier/Laser paper, please visit
Paper Needs of Xerographic Machines (A Summary) by Chuck Green
Copper Number
It is the measure of degree of fiber degradation. It is weight of copper
in grams reduced to cuprous state by 100 grams of pulp.
Pulpwood volume measurement indicating a pile measuring 4
ft x 4 ft x 8 ft, equaling 128 ft³ (3.62 in³). Also see
cunit
Core
Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.
Core Plug
Metal, wood, particleboard, or other material plugs which
are driven into the ends of the paper core of finished
roll to prevent crushing of the core.
Corona Treatment
An electrostatic treatment that
reduces the surface tension of a substrate (e.g., a polycoated substrate) to
ensure adhesion of ink and glue.
The Corona treatment involves high voltage, high frequency
electricity discharged from an electrode when it pours through the
polycoated board increases the surface energy of the board to better receive
inks or glue.
Corrugated Board
Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating
machine. When this corrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of
board, it becomes single-faced corrugated board; if pasted on both sides, it
becomes double-faced corrugated board or corrugated (shipping)
containerboard.
Open Face Single Face Single Wall
Double Wall Triple Wall
Corrugated Container
Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.
Corrugated Medium or Media
The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated
container, which cushions the product from shock during
shipment (see flute). Media can contain up to 100% post-consumer
recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to
protect the product.
Corrugator
Machine that presses medium into flutes, applies glue to
the medium and affixes sheets of linerboard to form
corrugated board .
Cotton Fiber
Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and
most durable fibers known to man. Papers manufactured of
cotton fiber will last longer and hold up better under
repeated handling and variant environmental conditions
than paper made from wood pulp. Generally, given
reasonable care, one can expect one year of usable life
for every 1% of cotton contained in the sheet. Typically
cotton fiber papers are made of either all cotton fiber (100%
cotton) or a blend of cotton and wood pulp.
Cotton Linter
The cotton fibers that adhere to the cottonseed used to produce pulp for
cotton fiber papers.
Cotton Paper or Rag Paper
Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton
paper is also called rag paper.
Couch Pit or Hog Pit
This is the pit below the couch roll. It collects water
draining from this section, wet wire trim and any wet
broke generated due to the paper break at the wire part.
Couch pit has agitator (s).
Couch Roll
Couch roll serves the following functions 1) Main drive
for the wire, 2) Transfer the wet sheet from wire part to
press part and 3) Removes water (if suction type couch
roll). Couch roll can be solid or suction type.
Suction Couch Roll
Cover Paper
Any wide variety of fairly heavy plain or embellished papers, which are
converted into, covers for books, catalogs, brochures, pamphlets, etc.
Good folding qualities, printability, and durability characterize it.
Crack
1. A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of
the coating layer on the formation of fissures in the
surface of the coating due to printing or other
converting process.
2. Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper
is folded along a fold line. May be due to separation of
coating or separation of fibers. More prevalent when the
paper has been over-dried. In boards it may occur along
score-folds even though the scoring has been done to
minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied
when coatings crack without fiber failure during a
folding operation.
Crease
1. Deformation remaining from a fold over.
2. Cross direction wrinkles( Washboard): Fold over of a
web in the cross machine direction, giving a crease
running in the machine direction.
3. Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine
direction devoid of coating in the creased area.
4. Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by
passage through the Calender of a crease or of a fold
generated at the Calender; often cut through when it is
preferable to call it a Calender out.
5. Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly
in the machine direction. Can occur at the wet press
section, dryer (dryer wrinkles), size press, winder or
sheeter.
Creping
The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase
its stretch and softness.
Crescent Former
Sheet forming section in a tissue machine, with the pulp suspension jet-out of the headbox flowing between a felt and a wire both moving at the same speed.
Crinkles
A defect in linerboards caused by the separation of the liner ply and/or the formation of fissures
(cracks) in the surface of the
liner during creasing.
A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid wood, bark excluded. One cunit
corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood. Also see Cord
Curl
Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around
the axis of one of its directions. For more details on Curl, please read
Curl
Basics by Chuck Green.
Customark
A customark is a watermark made with a rubber printing plate treated with a
tranparentizing solution that leaves a mark in the paper. This process
produces a wire appearance in which the mark is lighter than the surrounding
paper. It can be produced in smaller quantities and at a lower price than a
genuine watermark, which requires a dandy roll.
Cut Sheet
Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other
standard size) to be used in printer, photocopier, fax
machines etc.
Cutter
A machine in the Finishing House of a paper mill, used for converting paper
from reel to specific sheet sizes.
Cutter Dust
Small loose paper particles which chip out of the edges of a sheet of papers
as it is cut by the chopping blade and/or disc knives on a sheet cutter.
Cutting (Refining)
A refining or beating action that splits the fibers in to two or more
pieces.
Cylinder Mould or Cylinder Machine
It is a type of papermaking machine. Wire-covered
cylinders are rotated through a vat of pulp, and paper is
formed as the water drains from the cylinder. Cylinder
machines are used primarily to manufacture paperboard. Multi-cylinder machines produce multi-layered paperboard (one
layer for each cylinder).
Streaks caused by uneven pressing of drying during paper
manufacturing.
Dampening
The process of keeping the non-image areas of
lithographic plates to be ink repellent by applying
aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the Dampening
system.
A hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper
machine wire and compacts the newly formed wet web to
improve the formation and if required to impart watermark
or laid finish the paper.
Dandy Roll with Pan
Debossing
Pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper
using a metal or plastic die to create a depressed (debossed)
image.
Deciduous Trees
Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in
fall such as birch, maple etc.
The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a
paper machine. Also defied as the wood frame resting on
or hinged to the edges of the mould that defines the
edges of the sheet in handmade papermaking or strap or
board on the wet end of a paper machine that determines
the width of the paper web.
Deckle Edge
The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the
pulp flows against the deckle.
Deculator
A device that removes entrained and dissolved air from dilute stock furnish by applying vacuum as the stock is sprayed into an open chamber, usually at the outlet of
cleaners.
Decurler
A device on a web press or sheeter used to remove paper curl.
Defibration
Separation of wood fibers by mechanical and/or chemical means.
Deflaker
Deflaker mechanically treat the fiber flakes and bundles of fibers in the
stock in order that they are broken down into individual fibers in a
suspension if possible. This is done for a number of reasons and in a number
of positions within the system. It can be installed to reduce remaining
flakes after a pulper, in the broke system to reduce flakes going back to
the machine from the broke pulpers and can also be used in the final stages
of a screening system in a recycled fiber line to treat the concentrated
rejects and the flakes contained within it.
As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in each cellulose molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED viscosity test.
The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood
fibers together, during the chemical pulping process.
Deliquescent
Material that has the ability to absorb enough moisture
from the surrounding atmosphere to revert it to a liquid
form. Examples of deliquescent include calcium chloride
and ammonium nitrate.
Densitometer
A sensitive photoelectric instrument that measures the
density of photographic images or of colors. Used in
quality control to accurately determine the consistency
of color throughout the run.
Deresination
Reducing the resin (pitch) content of wood prior to cooking either by storage or using bleaching chemicals to reduce the resin content in pulp.
Digester
The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant
materials are cooked with chemical to separate fiber by
dissolving lignin.
Digital Printing
1. Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging
information as digital data from pre-press systems.
2. Computer –to-plate Systems, which use printing
plates, or other images carriers that do not require
intermediate films.
3. Computer-to-print (Plateless): Systems that produce
reproductions directly on the substrate without the need
for intermediate films or plates
A. Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or single
color, used for short-run variable information and on-demand book publishing.
B. Color copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or four
color process printing, used for making one or several copies of spot or four
color process subjects.
C. Electronic printing systems: Electrophotographic, magnetographic, monographic,
field effect, ink jet or thermal transfers printing. For One-colour, four
color process or up to six-color printing. Used for some degree of variable
information, on-demand. Examples of use are direct mail, temporary product
labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the like.
The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It
is the resistance of paper to dimensional change with
change in moisture content or relative humidity.
Dimensional stability is essential for keeping forms in
registration during printing and keeping sheets from
jamming or wrinkling on press or in laser printers.
A group of 75 chlorinated compounds. Dioxins are formed in a complex process, where chlorine combines with other additives during
bleaching..
Direct Cooking
Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by
blowing steam directly into the digester.
Direct Dye
Dye molecules that are sufficiently large and planar that they tend to remain on a fiber surface without need of a fixative.
Direct dyes have moderate lightfastness but duller shades
Directionality
Dependency of a given paper property on the orientation of the fiber in
paper e.g. CD or MD.
Dirt
Dirt in paper consists of any imbedded foreign matter or specks, which contrast in color to the remainder of the sheet.
Dirt Count
The average amount of dirt specks in a specific size of paper area. Both
virgin sheets and recycled sheets have "dirt," although recycled
paper usually has a slightly higher dirt count than virgin paper. However,
it rarely affects recycled paper's quality and use.
Dispersion
Following the deinking process of waste papers, residual
ink particles are dispersed into tiny bits that are
usually invisible to the eye. Bleaching the fibers helps
to remove the last of the inks and improve paper
brightness.
Dispersants
Substances such as phosphates or acrylates that cause finely divided particles to come apart and remain separate from each other in
suspension.
Displacement Washing
An event of pulp washing in which washing liquid displaces free liquor from
a pulp bed in order to improve the washing; enables washing with reduced
amount of water.
A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in
to cellulose derivatives including rayon and acetate.
Doctor Blade
Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along
its entire length to keep it clean. Blades are also used
for creping.
Document Paper
Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but may also contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents that have to be preserved for a longer period.
Double Coating
Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.
Down Cycling
Every time cellulose fibers are recycled they deteriorate slightly and become
contaminated, so the new product is of lower quality than the original product
which went to form the waste; the progressive deterioration of fibers means
that there is a limit to the number of times they can be recycled, thus the
term down cycling is used as a more accurate description of recycling.
Drainage or Dewatering
Removal of water from wet web during formation of paper sheet.
Draw
Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the
paper machine.
Dregs
The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the Causticizing process.
Drum Reel
The reel drum (also called a "pope reel") is motor driven under sufficient
load to ensure adequate tension on the sheet coming from the calendars. The
web wraps around the reel drum and feeds into the nip formed between the
drum and the collecting reel.
Drum Washer
One type of pulp washers; uses pressure gradient and filtration for
dewatering and displacement.
Dry Coating
Coating method in which a binder is applied to
the paper surface followed by dry coating pigment.
Dry End
That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried,
surface sized, calendered and reeled.
Dry Line
The dry line is the location on a Fourdrinier paper machine forming
section where the appearance of the wet web of paper changes abruptly.
Before the dry line the furnish has a glossy, wet appearance. After the
dry line the wet web appears dull. The optical change is related to the
effect of fibers poking through the air-water interface. On a
well-adjusted paper machine the dry line ought to be straight. Increased
refining and lower freeness
of the pulp tend to move the dry line in the direction of the couch.
Chemicals that promote drainage tend to move the dry line in the direction
of the slice.
Dry Offset
Uses a rotary letterpress plate on an offset press. Because the image is
relief, the method requires no dampening. Image is transferred to a rubber
blanket, then to paper.
A continuous cotton and or synthetic belt and used in the dryer section
of a paper machine to press and maintain positive contact of the web
against the surface of the dryer cylinder.
A type of dryer felt made of synthetic material, with very high open
area to provide easy escape to vapors formed due to water evaporation.
Dryer screens are used in the later part of dryer section where paper is
>60% dry to avoid any screen impression.
Drying
This is the final stage of water removal from wet web of
the paper formed on wire. After pressing the moisture
content of the web is apprx. 40-45%. The remaining water
(up to 95% dryness) is removed by evaporation . This is
done by moving the web around a series of steam heated
iron drums in the dry end of the paper machine.
Duplex Bag
Two-ply bags.
Duplex Board
Paperboard made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed
and joined together at wire part.
Duplex Paper
Paper made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and
joined together at wire part.
Dust
Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper
that sometimes sticks to the printing blanket and
prevents ink from reaching the paper surface.
Dye
A chemical compound having the ability to absorb visible light over a certain range of wavelengths so that the diffusely reflected light appears colored.
Dye can be basic, acidic or direct.
The amount of force needed to crush on-edge of combined
board is a primary factor in predicting the compression
strength of the completed box. When using certain
specifications in the carrier classifications, minimum
edge crush values must be certified.
Edge Cutter
Device comprising two jets of water
which are adjustable across the wire and which divide the wet
web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may be removed, generally at
the couch. In this way they control the width of the web going forward
from the wire part and give it comparatively clean edges.
Effective Alkali
Caustic (NaOH) and one half of Sodium sulfide (05*Na2S)
expressed as Na2O in alkaline pulping liquor.
Effluent
Waste backwater and rejects from which fiber is recovered prior to discharge from the
mill.
Electrical Grade Paper
Strong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with
synthetic resins and made from unbleached Kraft
pulp. Electrical insulating paper must neither contain
fillers nor conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.)
nor salts or acids. Lava stone bars are used on rotor and
stator to avoid any metal contamination. Cable papers,
that are wound around line wires in a spiral-like fashion,
are electrical insulating papers with a particularly high
strength in machine direction. Electrical grade papers
include cable papers, electrolytic papers and capacitor
paper.
Electric Resistivity
Resistivity characterizes how a sheet of paper
accepts and holds a charge. Since the electrostatic processes uses an
electrical charge to form the print image, the electrical properties of the
sheet are important to the overall imaging process.
Electronic Printing
Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar
printing methods that create images using electrostatic
charges rather than a printing plate.
Electro photography
A printing process that uses principles of electricity
and electrically charged particles to create images - e.g.,
photocopiers and laser printers.
ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses
chlorine dioxide rather than elemental chlorine gas as a
bleaching agent. This virtually eliminates the discharge
of detectable dioxins in the effluent of pulp
manufacturing facilities.
Elongation
A property of paper that allows it to stretch.
Embossing
Pressing a shape into a sheet of paper with a metal or
plastic die, creating a raised (embossed) image.
Emulsion Coating
Coating of paper with an emulsion containing plastic or resin.
Enamel
A general term referring to coated paper that has a
higher basis weight than coated publication (magazine)
paper but a lower basis weight and caliper than coated
cover paper.
Engine Sizing
Old term used for beater sizing when sizing chemicals used to be added
in Engine or Beater.
English Finish
A smooth-finished, machine made and calendered book paper.
It is soft, dull and pliable. Normally used for
letterpress printed magazines.
Engraving
A printing process using intaglio, or recessed, plates.
Made from steel or copper, engraved plates cost more than
plates used in most other printing processes, such as
lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate
while the printing press exerts force on the paper,
pushing it into the wells and onto the ink. The pressure
creates raised letters and images on the front of the
page and indentations on the back. The raised lettering
effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly
process called thermography.
Entrained Air
Entrained air consists of bubbles that are small enough (say less than 1 mm) to move along with the fibers.
Envelop Paper
The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding
of envelopes on high-speed envelop machine.
3. Forest Stewardship Council certified Forest Management for virgin
fiber sources.
Enzyme
A protein that has the ability to direct or catalyze a chemical reaction.
Enzyme Bleaching
Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp is treated with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be bleached without chlorine chemicals.
Equilibrium Moisture Content
The moisture content of a paper that
has reached a balance with the atmosphere surrounding it, i.e. in a
condition in which it will neither give up nor absorb moisture
Of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white
background of the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart which makes the same visual
impression on its background as does the dirt speck on the particular
background in which it is embedded.
Esparto
A grass from North Africa which makes a soft, ink
receptive sheet.
Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in sodium hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or chlorides like ethylene oxide or methyl chloride to form an organic polymer called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.). Cellulose ethers are used for thickening of fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds of other applications.
Extended Cooking
Method of cooking pulp to low lignin content, thereby reducing the need for bleaching chemicals.
Extensible Kraft
Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches (approximately
6%) more in MD and tears less easily than regular Kraft
paper.
External Fibrillation
A refining action that results in partial detachment of
fibrils from outer layer of a fiber.
Extractives
Any number of different compounds in biomass that are not an integral part of the cellular structure. The compounds can be extracted from wood by means of polar and non-polar solvents including hot or cold water, ether , benzene, methanol, or other solvents that do not degrade the biomass structure. The types of extractives found in biomass samples are entirely dependent upon the sample itself
Extruded Coating
Coating applied to paper or board using an extruder.
Paper machine wet press
that uses a special multiple weave fabric belt sandwiched
between the regular felt and the rubber covered roll, increasing
the capacity to receive and remove water from the nip between
the rolls.
Falling Film Evaporator
A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of
a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows downward on the
heat exchange surface by gravity; the heat exchange surface is typically a
bundle of plates, lamellas or tubes; commonly used in pulp mills and
chemical recovery process.
Fan-out
A dimensional change in paper associated with its passage through a
printing unit. In web offset printing it is the increase in web width after
each blanket impression.
A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between
press and dryer rolls on the paper machine.
Felt Finish
Surface characteristics of paper formed at the wet end of a paper
machine, using woven wool or synthetic felts with distinctive patterns to
create a similar texture in the finish sheets.
Felt Mark
Imprint left on the paper by one or
more of the felts used in making the paper. The mark may be wanted or
unwanted and special effects can be introduced in this way.
Felt Side
The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on
the paper machine. The "top side" or felt side
is preferred for printing because it retains more fillers.
Fiber or Fibre
The slender, thread-like cellulose structures that forms
the main part of tree trunk and from separated and
suitably treated, cohere to form a sheet of paper.
A fiber cut is a short, straight cut located on the edge
of the web, caused by a fiber imbedded in the web of
paper.
Fiber Debris
Pieces of material which has been separated from the main body of the
fiber..
Fiber Floc
Fibers that have agglomerated as a result of poor
formation.
Fiber Orientation
Refers to the alignment of the fibers in the sheet.
Fiberboard
Board made from defibrated wood chips, used as a building board.
Fibrillation
A structural change occurring in the walls of chemical pulp fibers during beating.
Fibrillae or Fibrils
String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the
beating process. They aid in the bonding processes when paper is being
manufactured.
Any inorganic substance added to the pulp during
manufacturing of paper.
Filter Paper
Unsized paper made from chemical pulp, in some cases also with an admixture of rags, sometimes with a wet strength finish. Filtration rate and selectivity, which are both dependent on the number and the size of the pores, can be controlled by specific grinding of the pulps and creping.
Filtrate
The effluent from the washing or filtering process.
Fines
Small particles fiber defined arbitrarily by
classification.
Fine Papers
Uncoated writing and printing grade paper including
offset, bond, duplicating and photocopying.
Finish
The surface characteristic of a sheet created by either
on-machine or off-machine papermaking processes. Popular
text and cover finishes include smooth, vellum, felt,
laid, and linen.
Finishing
The trimming, winding, rewinding and packing of paper
rolls or trimming, cutting, counting and packing of paper
sheets from parent roll.
Finishing Broke
Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.
First-pass retention gives a practical indication of the efficiency by
which fine
materials are retained in a web of paper as it is being formed.
First-pass retention values can be calculated from just two consistency
measurements, the headbox
consistency, and the white
water consistency. There is a very wide diversity of first-pass
retention on different paper machines, from less than 50% to almost 100%.
The key rules that papermakers follow are that (a) first-pass retention
should have a steady value, and (b) that value should be high enough to
avoid operational problems or an excessively two-sided sheet. Some
operational problems that can be caused by low values of first-pass
retention are increased frequency of deposit
problems, filling of wet-press felts, poor
drainage, and unsteady drainage rates and sheet moistures.
Fish Eye
A paper defect appearing as glazed, translucent spot caused by slime, fiber
bundles, and/or improperly prepared chemical additives in the stock.
Flag
A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to
mark a splice in a roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.
Flame Resistant
Treatment applied to kraft paper to make it resistant to
catching on fire (not fire proof—will char but not
burst into flame).
Flat Crush of Corrugated Board
A laboratory test (Tappi T808 or T825) of a single wall combined board specimen
to measure its resistance to crushing forces from conversion and handling.
Test can also be an indicator of flute formation and the presence of crushed
or leaning flutes.
Flashing
Spontaneous boiling and cooling of a liquid caused by the
reduction of pressure below the vapor pressure of the
liquid. Flashing occurs in blow tank during blowing.
Fly Leaf/Shaving
Trim scrap from printing operation.
Flexography
A form of rotary letterpress using flexible rubber or
photopolymer plates.
Flexural Rigidity
The measurement of a combined board resistance to flexing.
Combined with ECT box perimeter and flute type, it is key
to predicting box compression resistance or static load
resistance (Tappi T566).
Flotation Cell
Main equipment of Flotation Deinking, Large number of tiny air bubbles are injected into the cleaned pulp, the free ink particles attach themselves to these bubbles and float to the surface where it is skimmed off and removed.
Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during
the de-inking process.
Flotation Dryer
Non contacting dryer used in pulp drying or coating applications, drying is achieved by passing sheet between two
dryer hoods where hot dry air is impinged onto the sheet and the moisture is evaporated and removed by an air system.*
Fluff Pulp
A chemical, mechanical or combination of chemical/mechanical pulp,
usually bleached, used as an absorbent medium in disposable diapers, bed
pads and hygienic personal products. Also known as "fluffing" or
"comminution" pulp
Fluorescent Dye
A coloring agent added to pulp to increase the brightness
of the paper. It may give a slight blue or green cast to
the sheet.
Fluorescent Inks
Printing inks that emit and reflect light. Generally,
they are brighter and more opaque than traditional inks,
but they are not color fast, so they will fade in bright
light over time. Their metallic content will also affect
dot gain and trapping.
Fluorescent Whitening Agent
Also referred to as an "optical brightener." A
chemical compound when expose to a light containing an
ultraviolet component will absorb and re-emit light in
the blue spectrum or in other words fluoresce. FWA's will
enhance brightness and blueness quality of white paper.
One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium.
Flutes are categorized by the size of the wave. A, B, C,
E and F are common flute types, along with a variety of
much larger flutes and smaller flutes.
Fluted Edge Crush
Measures the edgewise compression strength of corrugating medium using a
fluted test specimen per Tappi T824.
Flute (A,B,C,E,F&G)
These letters define the type of
corrugated material in terms of the number of corrugations per unit
length and the height of the corrugations - specifically these are:
Flute
Corrugations per metre
Height of corrugation (mm)
A
105 - 125
4.5 - 4.7
B
150 - 185
2.1 - 2.9
C
120 - 145
3.5 - 3.7
E
290 - 320
1.1 - 1.2
F
410 - 420
0.7 - 0.8
G
550 - 560
0.5 - 0.6
Fluting
Waves or corrugation in heat-set web offset prints that runs in the press
direction.
Foamboard
C1S paperboard designed for lamination to a foam backing for point-of-purchase displays, posters, and
signs.
Foil of Hydrafoil
The flat strip used to support wire. Only the leading
edge of the wire touches the foil. Foil helps in removing
water by creating gentle suction and also doctor the
water removed in previous section.
Folding
Doubling up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another. Folding
stresses the paper fibers. To create a smooth, straight fold, heavy papers
like cover stocks and Bristol need to be scored before they're folded.
Folding Boxboard
Single or multi-layer paperboard made from primary and/or secondary
fibers, sometimes with a coated front, used to make consumer packaging (cartons).
Folding strength is most important in currency paper.
Multiple fold strength is also important for paper used
in books, maps, and pamphlets. It's far less important in
one-fold greeting cards or envelopes, where fold cracking
is the vital consideration. Folding endurance or strength
is measured and reported in numbers.
Formation
The dispersion of fibers in a sheet of paper. The more
uniform and tightly bound the fibers, the better the
sheet will print and look. Close Formation - Uniform distribution of fibers.
Cloudy formation: A spotty, non-uniform dispersion of fibers, the
opposite of close formation.
Forming Board
Forming Board is the leading forming unit under the fabric closest to the
slice. The stock jet velocity, the impingement angle and the position of the
impingement onto the forming board will determine the water removal and the
activity produced at this point. Modern Forming Boards are stepped to create
activity at high speeds – this greatly enhances the formation.
Fountain Roller
The roller on a printing machine
which initiates the supply of moisture to the damping system.
Four-color Printing Process
A printing method that uses dots of magenta (red), cyan (blue),
yellow, and black to simulate the continuous tones and
variety of colors in a color image. Reproducing a four-color
image begins with separating the image into four
different halftones by using color filters of the
opposite (or negative) color. For instance, a red filter
is used to capture the cyan halftone, a blue filter is
used to capture the yellow halftone, and a green filter
is used to capture the magenta halftone. Because a
printing press can't change the tone intensity of ink,
four-color process relies on a trick of the eye to mimic
light and dark areas.
Each halftone separation is
printed with its process color (cyan, magenta, yellow,
and black). When we look at the final result, our eyes
blend the dots to recreate the continuous tones and
variety of colors we see in a color photograph, painting,
or drawing.
Fourdrinier
Named after its inventor, the Fourdrinier papermaking
machine is structured on a continuously moving wire belt
on to which a watery slurry of pulp is spread. As the
wire moves, the water is drained off and pressed out, and
the paper is then dried.
Free Stock
Unrefined stock. Stock that, when
drained under gravity, parts easily with the water of suspension
A term used to define how quickly water is drained from
the pulp. The opposite of freeness is slowness. Freeness
or slowness is the function of beating or refining.
Freeness and slowness reported in ml CSF and degree SR
respectively are also the measurement of degree of
refining or beating.
Freesheet
Paper that is free of mechanical wood pulp, which is true
of virtually all fine printing papers.
French Fold
A sheet printed on one side and folded first vertically and then
horizontally to produce a four-page folder.
Fully Bleached Pulp
Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable (> 60 ISO).
Furnish
A blend of fibers, pigments, dyes, fillers and other
materials that are fed to the wet end of the paper
machine.
Fuzz
Fibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper,
caused by excessive suction, insufficient beating or lack
of surface sizing. Lint appears in much the same manner
but is not attached to the surface.
Two or more parallel folds on a sheet of paper with the
end flaps folding inward.
Ghosting
Variation in ink gloss, density or color that are not part of the original
design, but appear as a repeat or ghost image associated with another area
of the copy.
Glassine Paper
A translucent paper made from highly beaten chemical pulp
and subsequently supercalendered.
Glazed Paper
Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface
either during the process of manufacture or after the
paper is produced, by various methods such as friction
glazing, calendering, plating or drying on a Yankee drier.
Gloss
The property that's responsible for a paper's shiny or
lustrous appearance; also the measure of a sheet's
surface reflectivity. Gloss is often associated with
quality: higher quality coated papers exhibit higher
gloss.
Gloss Mottle
Blotchiness or non-uniformity in the paper's gloss (unprinted
or printed). Typically only visible at certain viewing
angles. Usually attributable to poor formation and heavy
calendering.
Grade
Papers are differentiated from each other by their grade.
Different grades are distinguished from each other on the
basis of their content, appearance, manufacturing history,
and/or their end use.
Grain
The direction in which most fibers lie in a sheet of
paper. As the pulp slurry moves forward on the
papermaking machine's formation wires, the fibers tend to
align themselves in the direction of movement. Binding
books parallel to the grain allows for a smoother fold
then working across the grain. Grain direction of sheet
fed papers is usually indicated by underlining the number,
e.g., 23" X -35". On a web press, the grain
direction should run along the length of the paper web.
Weight in grams of one square meter of paper or board (g/m2); also basis weight.
Gravure
A printing process that uses intaglio, or recessed, image
carriers. The image carrier, which is flat or cylindrical,
moves through an ink pool. A blade scrapes excess ink off
the plane of the plate, leaving ink in the recessed wells.
A second cylinder presses the paper onto the plates,
where it picks up ink from the wells. The high speed of
gravure presses and the durability of the metal intaglio
plates make gravure an economical printing method
suitable for large print runs (more than two million
copies).
Gravure Paper
Paper for gravure printing that has very low print
roughness and good wettability of gravure inks.
Gray Board
A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers
with or without screenings and mechanical pulp on a
continuous board machine, in thickness less then 1 mm.
Greaseproof Paper
A protective wrapping paper made from chemical wood pulps,
which are highly hydrated in order that the resulting
paper may be resistant to oil and grease.
Greenfield Mill
Mill or production facility built on undeveloped site.
Green House Gases
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water
vapor.
The liquor that results when the inorganic smelt from the
recovery furnace is dissolved in water is called "green"
liquor.
Green Paper
Immature paper which has not been
conditioned or had the opportunity to mature naturally.
Grinder
A machine in which logs are defibrated against a revolving grindstone.
Groundwood Papers
A general term applied to a variety of papers made with
substantial proportions of mechanical wood pulp together
with bleached or unbleached chemical wood pulps (generally
sulfite), or a combination of these, and used mainly for
printing and converting purposes.
A mechanically prepared (by grinding wood logs against a
rough surfaced roll rotating at very high speed) coarse
wood pulp used in newsprint and other low cost book
grades where it contributes bulk, opacity, and
compressibility. Groundwood pulp is economical since all
the wood is used; however, it contains impurities that
can cause discoloration and weakening of the paper.
Guar Gum
A natural polymer that is used as a dry-strength additive, often as a cationic derivative.
Guillotine
A machine used to trim stacks of paper, which works the
same way the original French guillotine worked. A cutting
blade moves between two upright guides and slices the
paper uniformly as it moves downward.
This fold is perfect for newsletters. An 11" x 17" sheet folded
this way has only one open side and fits into a #10 envelope.
The newsletter looks good and is easy to handle.
For picture of this type and other
fold please visit
http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Half Tone
Picture with gradations of tone, formed by dots of
varying sizes in one color.
Handmade Paper
A sheet of paper, made individually by hand, using a
mould and deckle.
Hard Cook
Undercooked pulp with respect to target conditions.
Hard Pulp
Chemical pulp with a high lignin content.
Hard Sized Paper
Paper treated with high degree of internal sizing.
Wood from trees of angiosperms class, usually with broad
leaves. Trees grown in tropical climates are generally
hardwood. Hardwood grows faster than softwood but have
shorter fibers compared to softwood.
The part of the paper machine whose primary function is
to deliver a uniform dispersion of fibers in water at the
proper speed through the slice opening to the paper
machine wire.
Heart Wood
The dark colored , center of a tree trunk, consisting of dormant wood.
Heat Set Web
An offset printing process done on a web of paper supplied in a roll. The term
heat set originates from the inks used in the process. They contain high
amounts of solvent flashed off in ovens to dry at very high speeds. Web
presses perfect or print both sides of the sheet simultaneously.
Heat Transfer Paper
The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation
printing).
A constituent of woods that is, like cellulose, a
polysaccharide, but less complex and easily hydrolysable.
Herbaceous Plants
Non-woody species of vegetation, usually of low lignin content such as grasses.
Hickey
An irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed page.
Hickeys are caused by paper or pressroom dust, dirt, or
pick out on the printing blanket, all of which prevent
the ink from adhering to the paper surface.
High Finish
Smooth finish applied to paper to improve the printing
surface.
Hold Out
Resistance of paper surfaces to the absorption of ink.
High Hold Out offers higher resistance to ink absorption.
Regular Hold Out allows greater ink absorption.
Holocellulose
The total carbohydrate fraction of wood — cellulose plus hemicellulose.
Hologravure
Printining process by which great
continuous 3D depth is achieved using textures and patterns.
Hood
A hood covering the paper machine drying section and designed for moist air removal.
Hot Melt
A type of glue or adhesive applied while hot/warm.
Hot Groundwood Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced by grinding logs that have been pre-treated with steam.
Hydration
The prolonged beating or refining of cellulose pulp in
water to reduce it to a semi-gelatinous mass.
Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
A method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sometimes using oxygen reinforcement. The method
considerably reduces the need for chlorine-containing chemicals in the
final bleaching of chemical pulps.
Hydrophilic
Having strong affinity for water.
Hydrophobic
Lacking affinity for water.
Hydropulper
An equipment used to slush broke/paper in to pulp.
Hygroscopic
Having the property to absorb water vapor from the
surrounding atmosphere. Most of the papers (except
glassine, greaseproof or wet strength etc.) are
hygroscopic in nature.
The absorption of liquid by a fiber without a
corresponding increase in volume.
Impregnation
Process of treating a sheet of paper with a chemical or
wax so that the treatment penetrates into the paper.
Impression Cylinder
The cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds
paper while an inked image from the blanket is pressed
upon it.
Impression Watermark
Semi-genuine watermark made in the paper machine press section using engraved rolls while the web is still wet.
Index Paper
A stiff, inexpensive paper with a smooth finish. The high
bulk but low weight of this paper makes it a popular
choice for business reply cards.
Industrial Papers
A very general term, which is used to indicate papers
manufactured for industrial uses as opposed to cultural
purposes. Thus, building papers, insulating papers,
wrapping papers, packaging papers, etc. would be
considered industrial papers.
Infra Red Drying
Electric or gas infra red dryers used to initially achieve
immobilization of the fluid coating and commence the drying process.
Ink
Printing inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and
additives formulated to reduce smudging, picking and
other printing problems associated with ink. The choice
of ink depends on the type of paper and printing process.
Ink Absorption
A paper's capacity to accept or absorb ink.
Ink Coverage
The portion of the total surface area of the paper which
is covered by ink. The portion of the coverage usually is
expressed in terms of percent of ink coverage.
Ink Holdout
The way the ink pigment sits on the surface of the paper.
Strong ink holdout results in a sharp, bright image.
Ink Jet Printing
Printing process of an image or text by small ink
particles projected onto the paper surface.
Ink Tack
The body or cohesiveness of ink. The measure of tack as
the force required to split an ink film.
Insect Resistant
Paper treated with insecticide compounds to make it
resistant to insect attack.
Insider Liner
The liner bonded to the medium at the single facer. Called inside liner
because it is the inside facing of a corrugated box. Also called the single
face liner.
Insulating Board
A type of board composed of some fibrous material, such as wood or other
vegetable fiber, sized throughout, and felted or pressed together in such a
way as to contain a large quantity of entrapped or "dead" air. It
is made either by cementing together several thin layers or forming a non-laminated
layer of the required thickness. It is used in plain or decorative finishes
for interior walls and ceilings in thickness of 0.5 and 1 inch (in some
cases up to 3 inches) and also as a water-repellent finish for house
sheathing. Desirable properties are low thermal conductivity, moisture
resistance, fire resistance, permanency, vermin and insect resistance, and
structural strength. No single material combines all these properties but
all should be permanent and should be treated to resist moisture absorption.
Intaglio
A method of printing in which an image or letter is cut
into the surface of wood or metal, creating tiny wells.
Printing ink sits in these wells, and the paper is
pressed onto the plate and into the wells, picking up the
ink.
1. Gravure is considered an
intaglio printing process.
2. In papermaking, watermarking from countersunk depressions
in the dandy roll to provide a whiter or denser design instead of increased
transparency.
Integrated mill
A mill which starts with logs or wood chips and first
produces wood pulp which it then processes to make paper
or board.
Intermittent Board Machine
A machine for producing sheets of thick board by winding the web formed
on a Fourdrinier wire or cylinder mould (s) around a making roll to form a
sheet consisting of several layers. When the thickness is sufficient the
layers are cut, so forming a sheet which is removed from the machine for
drying and any further processing.
Internal Bonding Strength
Determines how strongly the coating is fused to the body
stock. Caused by long periods of hydration, paper with
high internal bonding strength resists picking during the
printing process
Internal Fibrillation
Loosening of internal bond within a fiber.
Internal Sizing
Occurs when sizing materials are added to the water
suspension of pulp fibers in the papermaking process.
Also known as Beater, or Engine sizing.
International Paper and Board Sizes
Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in metric
countries. ISO standards are based on a rectangle whose
sides have a ratio of one to the square root of 2 (1.414).
No matter how many times a sheet of these proportions is
halved, each will retain the same constant proportions.
There are three ISO series A, B, and C.
The A Series:
The A series is for general printed matter including
stationary and publications.
SIZE Millimeters
4A0 1682 x 2378
2A0 1189 x 1682
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148
A7 74 x 105
A8 52 x 74
The B series: The B series is about half way between
two A sizes. It is intended as an alternative to the A
series, used primarily for posters and wall charts.
SIZE Millimeter
B0 1000 x 1414
B1 707 x 1000
B2 500 x 707
B3 353 x 500
B4 250 X 353
B5 176 x 250
B6 125 x 176
B7 88 x 125
B8 62 x 88
B9 44 x 44
B10 31 x 44
The C series: The C series is used for folders, post
cards and envelopes. C series envelope is suitable to
insert A series sizes.
SIZE Millimeter
C0 917 x 1297
C1 648 x 917
C2 458 x 648
C3 324 x 458
C4 229 x 324
C5 162 x 229
C6 114 x 162
C7 81 x 114
C8 57 x 81
